Parkinson: Symptoms & Causes
- ALI NAEIMI
- Oct 1, 2024
- 3 min read
Updated: Dec 25, 2024
The nervous system is crucial in helping us understand, respond to, and make sense of the world around us. It also controls all other body systems. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by a progressive loss of motor control. While symptoms and the rate of progression vary from person to person, Parkinson's affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
Key Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is known for causing changes in movement, and these changes typically fall into four categories:
1. Slow Movement (Bradykinesia)
Over time, movements become slower and smaller, making routine tasks such as getting dressed or taking a shower longer.
The face may become less expressive, often referred to as a “masked” expression.
Handwriting may become smaller and more challenging to read.
2. Shaking (Tremor)
Shaking or trembling in the hands, legs, or jaw, especially when at rest, is common in Parkinson’s. However, not everyone with Parkinson’s disease experiences tremors.
3. Stiffness (Rigidity)
Muscle stiffness can occur, causing discomfort and limiting movement flexibility.
4. Walking and Balance Problems
Difficulty with balance and walking can lead to falls and an increased risk of injury.
Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
In addition to movement changes, Parkinson’s disease can cause a range of non-motor symptoms, which may begin before the motor symptoms become noticeable. These include:
Difficulty sleeping
Loss of smell
Urinary problems
Constipation
Mood changes (e.g., depression, anxiety)
Trouble swallowing
Pain
Fatigue
Memory issues
What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?
Parkinson’s disease occurs when specific nerve cells in the brain stop functioning properly. This neurodegeneration primarily affects areas at the base of the brain, called the brainstem, and spreads to other regions over time. One essential part of the brainstem, the substantia nigra, is responsible for controlling movement and releasing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine helps send messages to other areas of the brain that control movement. As dopamine-producing cells die, movement becomes progressively more complex, and the body receives “don’t move” signals.
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease's accelerated brain aging remains unknown. However, the disease is a chronic and progressive illness that develops slowly and lasts for an extended period. While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, many symptoms and associated health issues are treatable, which can significantly improve quality of life.
Risk Factors for Parkinson’s Disease
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing Parkinson’s disease, including:
Age: The most significant risk factor, as the disease typically affects older individuals.
Sex: Men are more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women.
Genetics: There is a genetic component, though Parkinson’s disease is not strictly hereditary. Having a family member with Parkinson’s can slightly increase the risk, but the overall risk remains low.
Toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as pesticides, can increase the risk of developing Parkinson’s. For example, people who work as farmers or use well water may be more likely to contract the disease.
Parkinsonism vs. Parkinson’s Disease
“Parkinsonism” refers to a set of motor symptoms that resemble those of Parkinson’s disease. While many individuals with Parkinsonism do have Parkinson’s disease, other more severe conditions (e.g., multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration) can also lead to similar symptoms. In some cases, certain medications—especially those used to treat psychiatric conditions or high blood pressure—can cause symptoms that mimic Parkinson’s disease.
Additionally, tremor conditions such as essential tremor or dystonic tremor may look like Parkinson’s, but they typically don’t involve the rigidity or slowed movement characteristic of true Parkinson’s disease.
Diagnosis and Ongoing Monitoring
A diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is typically made based on the appearance of motor symptoms. While the initial diagnosis is usually accurate, doctors will continue to monitor how the body responds to treatment. Over time, they will reassess the diagnosis to rule out other conditions and ensure the appropriate care.
Conclusion
Parkinson’s disease affects the body in both motor and non-motor ways. Though it progresses slowly and the exact cause remains unclear, advances in treatment are helping manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Understanding the symptoms and risk factors associated with Parkinson’s disease is crucial for those affected and their families. If you suspect you may have Parkinson’s or are experiencing any of the symptoms described, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.
References: 1. Parkinson Canada - Treatments
